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Raw Sewage Sewage waste that has not undergone any treatment for the reduction of effluents or the removal of harmful pollutants and pathogens. Raw sewage is also called black water sewage. See IICRC%u002C Industrial Sewage%u002C Hospital Sewage%u002C Pathogens%u002C Residential Sewage%u002C Sewage   RCRA %u0028Resource Conservation and Recovery Act%u0029 RCRA provides only a corrective action that must clean up a contamination to a level that will protect human health and the environment. 42 U.S.C. 6924 %u0028v%u0029. This clean up standard provides the reassurance characteristic of any statement devoid of meaning. In other words%u002C Congress statement policy in this regard is everyone wants to protect human health and the environment. RCRA by memorandum is one of EPAs primary methods of implementing important programs including RCRA. RCRA authorizes the EPA to require companies that transport%u002C store%u002C or dispose of hazardous waste to clean up previous contamination at their facility as a condition of staying in business. 42 U.S.C. 9004%u0028u%u0029%u002C %u0028v%u0029. RCRA is referred to as a corrective action plan which must be developed on a case-by-case basis. General Liability Note%u003A Contractors providing fire damage clean up of commercial and industrial buildings may experience RCRA compliance problems. See CERCLA   Ready-made Products that are manufactured and designed in standard shapes and sizes%u002C and are easily available.   Reasonable Care In water%u002C fire and disaster management%u002C reasonable care is the most professional and appropriate method of managing and remediating a property claim. Reasonable care requires sound judgement while applying industry standards of care. Reasonable care takes into consideration the drawing of inferences or conclusions from known or assumed facts about a particular claim or hazard. See IICRC S-500 Standard%u002C NIDR Guidelines for Fire and Smoke Damage Repair   Reasonable Maximum Exposure %u0028RME%u0029 The highest exposure that is reasonably anticipated or expected to exist or occur at a site. RMEs are estimated for individual exposures and routes of exposure%u002C or a combination of exposures at the source and their pathways.   Reasonably Anticipated Future Use The future use of a building or facility after cleanup and decontamination from abandonment or prior use%u002C which reasonably can be predicted to a high degree of certainty given the historical use or current use%u002C planning and zoning.   Receptors Mitigation employees%u002C building occupants%u002C the public at large%u002C the building and its parts%u002C and even an atmosphere%u002C that may be effected by a release of a contaminate or pollutant.   Reentrainment a%u0029 Situations which reoccur to allow portions of exhausted air or airborne contaminates to reenter or re-entrain in a building%u002C zone or room. b%u0029 Airborne or surfaceborne contaminates which are allowed to re-enter a cleaned or uncontaminated building space. See Cross-Contamination   Reference Dose A toxicity value for evaluating potential non-carcinogenic effects on humans resulting from exposure to chemicals and other pollutants of concern.   Refrigerant Dehudifiers Machines which are manufactured to remove captured humidity on their refrigerant coils%u002C %u0028measured in pints per day over 24 hours%u0029%u002C water is then released from the machine through a plastic flex tube to a drain. Engineering Note%u003A Refrigerant dehumidifiers are effective engineering controls for the reduction of unwanted humidity in buildings%u002C from the higher moisture ranges%u002C down to approximately 20/25%u0025 RH%u0029 after a water damage event. See Dehumidification%u002C Desiccant Dehumidifiers%u002C Dri-Eaz Dehumidifiers%u002C EBAC Dehumidifiers%u002C Grains of Moisture%u002C Phoenix Dehumidifiers   Relative Humidity The ratio of the quantity of water vapour present in a room or building atmosphere%u002C to hold and retain the water vapour%u002C measured against the quantity of water vapour that would saturate it at any specific temperature. Restorative Drying Note%u003A In wet-water damaged buildings%u002C if its relative humidity is 75%u0025 in the surrounding air%u002C the air contains 3 quarters of the total amount of water vapour which it is capable of holding%u002C at a temperature and atmosphere pressure in the room at the time of the measurement. Change in temperature and pressure will change the relative humidity. See Absolute Humidity%u002C Ambient Humidity%u002C Condensation%u002C Dew Point%u002C Drying Conditions%u002C Evaporation%u002C Grains of Moisture%u002C Psychometrics   Relative Wind Direction%u002C Temperature%u002C Humidity and Wet Building Drying In part%u002C the wind direction carrying the outside building wind pressure including temperature and humidity%u002C added to the equation of the wet building. Restorative Drying Note%u003A If the relative %u0028outside%u0029 wind direction%u002C temperature and humidity are dryer compared to the wet ambient %u0028indoor%u0029 humidity%u002C the dryer relative humidity can work as a major benefit during the interior water damage mitigation and restorative drying process %u0028drydown%u0029. But if the outside humidity and wind direction towards the building%u002C as in the case of wind-driven rain is high%u002C the wind and relative high humidity can only complicate and work against the contractors wet building drying methods. If the humidity conditions from wind and high relatively humidity encompass and engulf the wet building and its interior atmosphere through building leaks%u002C the dehumidification process is less effective. Outside wet atmospheres severely complicate an make inert%u002C the drying process of most small building drying and dehumidification systems. If humidity is high outside as well as inside the building%u002C then the dehumidification contractor must double the efficiency of the drying system%u002C to compensate for the outside wet atmosphere. Note%u003A I did not say double the drying equipment%u002C but the dehumidification efficiency. See Wind Force   Relocation The temporary or permanent movement of persons and/or property from hazards or harm.   Remedial Action Activities conducted to reduce or eliminate current or potential future exposures to persons and property. Mitigation Note%u003A Remedial action may include site monitoring%u002C screening and clearance testing%u002C to warrant that the remedial action %u0028clean-up operations%u0029 were completed properly or sufficient to resolve a known or potential exposure.   Remediation The processes necessary for overcoming an environmental problem. The terms for remediation and mitigation are quite often used interchangeably. See Abatement%u002C Mitigation   Remediation Services Any one of a number of acceptable methods or actions to reduce or eliminate a hazard or contamination%u002C including but not limited to health and safety%u002C structural support%u002C flood and fire damage remedial services. Education Note%u003A a%u0029 Once a site assessment has been completed%u002C and all issues have been addressed by the owner or responsible party%u002C the contractor provides the responsible party with a contract and a scope for work leading to the completion of remediation services. b%u0029 Only after acceptance of the agreement and scope of remedial work%u002C should remediation services or remedial actions begin. See Abatement%u002C IICRC%u002C Mold Mitigation%u002C Scope Writing   Removal of Contaminated Building Contents Removal of Contaminated Building Contents means%u002C the careful inventory%u002C bagging and removal for disposal of contents that cannot be sanitized%u002C are not cost effective to sanitize%u002C or items which later may be a health issue if they have not been properly sanitized.   Removal of Contaminated Building Materials Removal of Contaminated Building Materials means%u002C the careful detachment%u002C proper handling and disposal of porous sewage saturated building materials%u002C such as drywall%u002C insulation and carpet.   Remove and Reset a%u0029 A salvage and restoration method for built-in cabinets%u002C counters and vanities%u002C which is meant to carefully detach%u002C remove%u002C and when appropriate%u002C are to be reset back into place with no damage%u002C or a minimum of damage repair. b%u0029 A call out for appliances%u002C toilets and bath tubs%u002C to be removed and reset%u002C usually for a floor or wall repair. c%u0029 In flooded buildings%u002C remove and reset is an acceptable method for removing contents from harms way%u002C and resetting them back in place after drying%u002C cleaning and sanitizing%u002C or repair. %u0028Same as detach and reset%u0029.   Remove and Restore A moving and restorative method requiring the contents or a building material%u002C to be removed from a damaged location to a plant or shop%u002C where they are identified%u002C cleaned of all damage and restored back to pre-loss condition.   Repetitive Loss A repetitive %u0028repeat%u0029 loss is one that occurs twice within a 10-year period. %u0028FEMA%u0029   Replacement Air Volume Replacement air volume should equal the total volume of air removed from the building by exhaust ventilation. An average building may require 3 to 5 air exchanges per hour while an industrial building may require more. Industrial building air heaters are usually designed to supply 100%u0025 outdoor air. Mitigation Note%u003A After a fire or flood%u002C it is best to have 100 percent outside air exchange%u002C unless the temperature and humidity do not warrant 100 percent air exchanges.   Replacement Cost of a Dwelling or Structure In insurance terminology for replacement cost of a dwelling or structure%u002C are those costs directly associated to an insurable loss once an insured has repaired or replaced an item or material at the same location as shown in the Declarations of the insurance policy which a damaged occurred or destroyed a dwelling or separate structure that sustained property damage. Education Note%u003A 1%u0029 The limit of insurance under a policy that applies to the damage or destroyed dwelling or separate structure%u003B 2%u0029 The replacement cost of that part of the dwelling or separate structure damaged with equivalent construction and for use on the same premises%u003B 3%u0029 The amount actually needed and spent to repair or replace the dwelling or separate structure intended for the same occupancy and use. However%u002C if the cost to repair or replace is typically more than %u00241%u002C000.00 or more than 5%u0025 of the limit of insurance on the damaged or destroyed building%u002C whichever is less%u002C the insurance company will usually pay no more than the actual cash value%u002C until repair or replacement is completed.   Replacement Cost Value %u0028RCV%u0029 The cost for replacing the building material or content with an exact replacement%u002C or a material that is equal to or possibly better than the original. See Actual Cash Value   Representative Samples Indoor air%u002C water%u002C soil and building material samples%u002C that are considered representative of known or highly suspect material or contaminate. See Preliminary Survey   Rescue Procedures At any time a work space has hazards%u002C or conditions that may lead to a hazard%u002C the employer is mandated by OSHA to implement a Hazard Communications Program %u0028HAZCOM%u0029 to all employees%u002C before allowing an employee to gain access and entry near%u002C in a hazard or a potential hazard. Contractor Note%u003A Part of the HAZCOM is the requirement by employers to already have in place company standards for rescue and procedures on how to implement a rescue%u002C if a rescue from an injury occurs. See Confined Space%u002C HAZCOM   Reservation of Rights A document prepared by the insurer and presented to the insured stating the insurer reserves their rights to accept or deny a claim%u002C and relinquish its rights under the policy by investigating the loss.   Reserve An insurance term%u002C which calls for the insurance company to place funds into a separate account to cover the claim as estimated. Contractor Note%u003A In business%u002C reserve is more commonly referred to as working capitol%u002C which is required to complete a project or phase%u002C before the contractor is paid and reimbursed for their work product.   Residence Premises The one or two family dwelling and separate structures or that part of any other building where the insured resides%u002C and property which is shown in the declarations. Residential premises includes the grounds on which the dwelling and separate structures are located.   Resident Organisms Common organisms typically found in a healthy building. See Biotic Factor%u002C Non-Resident Organisms   Residential Building Dwelling structures that are single family%u002C condominiums%u002C town homes%u002C and some apartments%u002C containing less than four housing structures.   Respirable Air Dynamics Respirable air is the intake and exhalation of air after normal inhalation or the intake and exhalation of air during exertion. During activity%u002C normal inhalation and exhalation is increased%u002C resulting in forced or labored breathing. Forced air breathing is called complemental or complementary air. Complemental air can amount to 3%u002C000 millimeters of air%u002C bringing the vital capacity%u002C the maximum amount of air moved in and out of the lungs over any one forced breath to 4%u002C500 to 6%u002C500 millimeters. In resting non-labored breathing%u002C the action of just breathing in air that is not forced through exertion%u002C is called tidal air. Tidal air is the ordinary air inhaled and exhaled during each breathe. In adults%u002C tidal air amounts to about 500 millimeters of air. Exhaled air is air forced out of the lungs after normal exhalation and is called supplemental air%u002C it amounts to about 1%u002C100 millimeters%u002C leaving the lungs with about 1%u002C200 millimeters of residual air. Residual air is air remaining in lungs which is not forced out.   Respirable Dust Respirable dust refers to airborne particles that settle deep into the lungs%u002C and they do not eject by exhaling%u002C coughing%u002C or expulsion with mucus. See Respirable Particles   Respirable Guidelines The American Conference of Governmental Hygienists %u0028ACGIH%u0029 sets threshold limit values %u0028TLVs%u0029 for many chemical and physical respiratory hazards. The ACGIH recommends particle size-selective TLVs for inhalation hazards in the workplace. Particle size determines the deposition site within the respiratory tract and the subsequent health effect.   Respirable Particles Airborne respirable particles are generally defined as being 10 microns or less in size. a%u0029 Airborne particles fall into two categories%u002C biological and non-biological. Health Note%u003A Respirable particles of fungi average from 6.0 to 0.05 microns in size. Only HEPA rated respirators are to be worn by the inspection team and technicians%u002C during mold investigations%u002C invasive inspections of mold and remediation of mold. See Aeolian Contamination%u002C Respiratory Diseases   Respirator A NIOSH rated device that is worn over the nose and mouth to protect the wearer against particular airborne hazards. Some respirators protect against dust and mist particulates%u002C while other respirators protect against vapours and fumes. Respirators have limitations. No respirator nuisance dust mask to canister masks are designed to supply oxygen. Warning%u003A Respirators must be worn for a specific contaminate. The wearing of a respirator is no gurarantee the worker is not being exposed to contaminates. All persons wearing a respirator must have first been trained and certified in the handling and use of a respirator before they are allowed to wear a respirator. Misuse of a respirator may result in injury%u002C illness or death. Refer to CFR 1910.134   Respirator Fit Test Tent A nylon reinforced material enclosure having a window that is designed to place one person in the tent at a time. The respirator fit test tent creates a concentrated area of an irritant smoke agent for quantitative respirator fit testing. The tent has two openings%u002C input and exhaust of an irritant smoke when using an irritant smoke. The tent is also designed for a saturated towelette%u002C which can be clipped and hung inside the tent when using a banana oil or Iso Amyl Acetate test. The respiratory fit test tent is about 48%u0022 high and 24%u0022 in diameter and a viewing window.   Respiratory Diseases See Occupational Related Respiratory Diseases   Respiratory Protection The appropriate protection necessary to eliminate inhalation of a foreign substance. 29 CFR 1910.134%u003B 42 CFR Part 84.   Respond to Cleaning An acceptable cleaning measure used to test surfaces for cleaning after a stain or a spill. Some furniture and carpet stains may not respond to cleaning%u002C which afterwards%u002C they will require other types of neutralization and cleaning%u002C repair or replacement.   Response Action An immediate call to action and a course of action%u002C which may include all or various elements of emergency assessment%u002C monitoring%u002C containment or abatement measures%u002C or to mitigate known or potential hazards to human health and safety of the environment. Mitigation Note%u003A A response action is a first-step control action%u002C taken before interim remedial action or remedial action.   Response Action Evaluation a%u0029 A qualitative analysis based on known or readily available information to identify the need for an urgency of response actions and the need for further information gathering. b%u0029 A response action evaluation for a water damage or fire damaged building%u002C requires an expert opinion about visual observations and methods used for containment and clean-up operation. c%u0029 A response action evaluation of a fire damage%u002C earthquake%u002C or storm damaged building%u002C requires an expert opinion from a general contractor and structural engineer%u002C before building access is allowed.   Restoration In water damage remediation%u002C after completion of all remediation services%u002C restoration refers to the%u003A Construction Note%u003A a%u0029 Repair or construction methods which building materials are repaired or replaced back to. b%u0029 Building and content materials that are returned to their pre-loss condition. c%u0029 Insurance companies refer to restoration as methods and services%u002C for damaged building materials and contents%u002C which are equal too or better than they were prior to the time of loss.   Restorative Cleaning The cleaning methods required to bring back the material or fabric%u002C to an acceptable clean level. Restorative cleaning requires the removal of residues%u002C contaminates and pollutants caused by a specific damage or incident%u002C to pre-existing or normal conditions. Education Note%u003A Restorative cleaning by itself does not require other supplemental procedures such as painting%u002C masking or sealants. See Clean for Paint%u002C Cleaning for Restoration   Restorative Drying The use of mechanical and engineering controls necessary to dry a wet building properly. Restorative Drying Note%u003A a%u0029 Restorative drying can only be completed properly by trained water damage technicians who have classroom and hands-on knowledge on how to professionally dry various types of wet buildings and indoor atmospheres. b%u0029 Education Note%u003A Wet building restorative drying requires an amount of science and scientific equipment to dry a wet building properly. c%u0029 Wet buildings requiring restorative drying%u002C may also require post-testing by microbiologists or industrial hygienists%u002C assuring the building is not influenced or has not become unhealthy from fungal contamination of the previously wet building materials. See Consequential Building Damage%u002C Due Diligence%u002C Psychometrics%u002C Secondary Damage%u002C Structural Drying   Restorative Drying Goal The process of implementing a drying goal requires moisture and humidity monitoring of dry building materials and atmospheres%u002C compared to wet and/or humidified materials and atmospheres. Restorative Drying Note%u003A If the majority of the building is wet and humidified%u002C the control for the restorative drying goal must come from materials and atmospheres from outside the effected building or area%u002C such as a comparable dry building having the same building materials.   Restorative Drying Manual The Restorative Drying Manual is a comprehensive technical manual%u002C which teaches the fundamentals of how to remove surface water from flooded buildings%u002C to advanced methods of restorative drying. The author is Mr. Claude Blackburn%u002C 1993. The publication has been updated and as of 1997/98 it is called Restorative Drying%u003A The New Complete Guide to Water Damage Restoration   Resuspension In sewage damage remediation%u002C it is the resolidifying and suspending sewage and waste through fresh water reflooding%u002C detergent washing%u002C followed with extraction. Mitigation Note%u003A Once sewage water and solids are identified in or under a building%u002C they need to be professionally removed through resuspension of the contaminates. See Cleanup%u002C Detergents%u002C Leachable%u002C Surfactant   Retard Any action%u002C chemical or engineering control%u002C that slows or reduces a peril in progress%u002C such as clean-up of a water damage%u002C dehumidification%u002C airflow%u002C or a chemical such as a disinfectant%u002C in controlling microorganisms.   Retrofit Any change made to a structure to reduce or eliminate damage.   Rewashing In sewage contaminated buildings%u002C rewashing means and often refers to the porous and semi-porous surfaces such as concrete slabs%u002C requiring repeat warm water washing and scrubbing of the surface until the rinse water is clear. See Sewage Terms   Rhinitis Inflammation of the lining of the nose resulting from an allergen producing substance. Health and Safety Note%u003A a%u0029 A Rhinitis condition can develop or is accelerated from the presence of fungi and dusts in wet buildings. b%u0029 Rhinitis can be spread through the use of air movers%u002C other remediation and building drying devises. c%u0029 As an occupational hazard%u002C air movers and air drying equipment must not be turned on until all surface contaminates have been removed. See Conjunctivitis%u002C Respirable Particles   Rhizopus A common outdoor fungi found in soil%u002C which grows on vegetative%u002C fruits and baked goods. Rhizopus fungi is found on decaying organic matter%u002C including building wood and drywall paper%u002C which have experienced flooding. Rhizopus has been known to produce allergies in some persons and result in fungal necrosis disease in humans.   Rickettsia Microscopic organisms which are carried and growing on the cells and body of microscopic animals%u002C called arthropods. Arthropods are lice%u002C fleas%u002C ticks%u002C and mites. Health Note%u003A a%u0029 Rickettsia is a type of parasitic microorganism resembling small bacteria%u002C but they are not able to multiply on their own except in a host. b%u0029 Effected arthropods under contaminated or ideal conditions%u002C will pass diseases to humans%u002C from cuts or borrowing into the skin. See Infestation   Ringworm Ringworm is a popular name for a fungal skin infection%u002C common to the feet%u002C groin%u002C scalp%u002C and fingernail beds. Ringworm is not a parasite or nematode as are other worms. Ringworm usually appears as a round circle or ring on the skin. The roundworm fungi spreads uniformly outward%u002C leaving normal skin inside the ring. Ringworm is marked by ring-shape%u002C redness%u002C scaly%u002C or blistery patches. See Athletes Foot%u002C Fingernail Fungus%u002C Tinea   Risk The potential for%u002C or probability of an adverse effect. Risk may be subjective%u002C but risk are also expressed qualitatively or quantitatively.   Risk Assessment An analytical study of the buildings physical concerns or damage along with other factors. Some other factors may include the potential for adverse effects on humans and a building caused by a damage occurrence. Education Note%u003A a%u0029 Risk assessment means disclosure of locations of potentially harmful substances. b%u0029 Risk assessment considers what is the best method of mitigation and abatement%u002C such as development of corrective action goals and determination of where interim remedial actions or a combination of actions are required. c%u0029 Depending on the risk assessment survey and analysis%u002C the recommendations must address the overall risk%u002C both today and possibly one year from now%u002C if complete clearance could not be provided at the time of analysis. See Phase-I%u002C Phase-II%u002C Phase-III   Risk Factor The lowering or elimination of the level of risk posed to human health or the buildings environment through response actions%u002C interim remedial actions%u002C remedial action or a combination of actions.   Risk Reduction Non-site-specific human health risk-based values for chemicals and other pollutants of concern%u002C that are protective of human health for specific exposure pathways.   Risk-Based Assessments One or more site assessments and surveys that must be conducted before for the industrial hygienist%u002C site assessor or risk manager is able to establish a working knowledge of the known or potential hazards of a property.   Risk-Based Corrective Action %u0028RBCA%u0029 Corrective actions that include parts or all of the Tier-1-3 Evaluations. In addition%u002C RBCA is the integration of the site assessment%u002C hypothesis modelling%u002C remedial action selection%u002C and monitoring with appropriate risk and exposure assessment practices. RBCA methods creates a process by which corrective action decisions are made and are consistent in such a manner as to protect human health%u002C mitigation employee health%u002C and the environment.   Risk-Based Corrective Action %u0028RBCA%u0029 Procedures The sequence of principal tasks and decisions associated with the RBCA process. Each action and decision must be discussed and agreed before methods and procedures are implemented. Before action%u0028s%u0029 and decision%u0028s%u0029 can be made%u002C all fact finding and historical information is gathered along with the initial site assessment information which are input information to develop the site conceptual model and exposure pathways evaluation.   Risk-Based Corrective Action %u0028RBCA%u0029 Tiered Approach RBCA Tiered Approach are the corrective actions and integration of the site assessment%u002C remedial action selection and monitoring with appropriate risk and exposure assessment practices along with notifications. Before RBCA are implemented%u002C the Tiered Approach includes notifying all stakeholders%u002C and it involves providing all relevant information pertaining to the site and approximates associated with the site that may become part of the site. For example%u002C a building where the source and exposure is located to one floor or area%u002C and pathways for exposure extend to other tenant occupied and unoccupied areas or facilities.   Risk-Based Screening Levels Assessing exposures of contaminates to buildings and occupants. Risk factors may be linked to an increase risk of an adverse health effect from an adverse building condition.   River Flooding%u002C Damage Guidelines In water damage remediation%u002C it is the flood water from rivers%u002C streams and lakes which enter into buildings. River flooding brings with it silt%u002C mud and organic matter that become adsorbed into porous building materials. Education Note%u003A Methods of Assessment and Mitigation%u003A 1%u0029 Once the flood waters recede%u002C all wet buildings must be checked for safety before entry. Health and Safety Note%u003A Do not use electricity and gas sources until they have been inspected. Keep all power generators outside the building%u0021. 2%u0029 Wear a HEPA rated respirator%u002C gloves and protective clothing. 3%u0029 After an assessment of the building damage%u002C 4%u0029 remove all salvageable contents to a safe place. 5%u0029 Wash and rinse%u002C bleach sanitize and rinse salvageable contents%u002C then wipe them down%u002C use wood oils and creams to restore finish and hardware. 6%u0029 In the building%u002C remove all standing flood water%u002C silt and mud. 7%u0029 Remove effected carpet and pad%u002C drywall and insulation. 8%u0029 Pressure wash all subfloors and exposed sill plates and stud bays. 9%u0029 For basements%u002C pump out the flood water. 10%u0029 For raised foundations%u002C pump out flood water and open skirts and access to the building. 11%u0029 Force in fresh air and exhaust out wet air. 12%u0029 No building should have new drywall or insulation installed for a minimum of 2 weeks%u002C and only after passing a moisture test survey. 13%u0029 Have the building independently inspected by building inspectors before restoration%u002C and by utilities before using gas and electricity.   Robotic Inspection The use of mechanical devises and electronic instruments to survey and inspect for potential damage in a pipe%u002C sewer%u002C vent%u002C cavity or a confined space. See Intellinozzle   Roof A structurally engineered top component section of a building. The roof acts as a weather resistant%u002C water tight membrane%u002C which separates the perimeter structure from the top of the building. The roof along with a tight sealed perimeter%u002C allows an ambient environment to exist in a building%u002C separating the interior atmosphere from an outside exterior atmosphere.   Roof Caused Floods Resulting roof floods are usually caused by a downpour and wind driven rains. Rain damage to a roof is due in part to the weathering of the roof covering%u002C sheathing%u002C membrane or tiles. Other issues which allow roofs to leak are a result of a construction defect%u002C such as to the ridge%u002C ridge vents%u002C valley%u002C flashing%u002C hip%u002C starter course%u002C eave%u002C metal drip edge%u002C gable vents%u002C rake%u002C to the underlayment%u003B and poor maintenance that results in a leaking roof are a result of algae build-up on roofing materials%u002C leaves on roof and in rain gutters%u002C missing or damaged flashing%u002C cracked or rotten shingles%u002C loose and missing shingles%u002C rotting underlayment and decking%u002C curling and blistering%u002C wood rot on fascia board and end boards%u002C missing rock and granules.   Roof Wrap A wind and moisture barrier covering%u002C extending beyond the damage of a roof. Mitigation Note%u003A A roof wrap is used to cover roofs that are damaged from wind storms and wind driven rain%u002C and roof damage resulting from a fire. Safety Note%u003A Completing a roof wrap under the best of conditions can result in increase fall issues for employees. Workers wrapping a pitched roof must wear harnesses that protect them from falls. The use of ladders must be properly designed ladders made for the purpose%u002C and placement against a roof must have an extension above the roof edge of no less than 3 to 5 feet. Wrapping a roof usually means the roof is damaged%u002C and employees must be made aware there is the potential of falling through damaged roof materials.   Rot In building damage%u002C the term rot is any organic building material that has degraded%u002C decomposed%u002C disintegrated or is in a state of decay because of current or previous exposures%u002C and contact with water%u002C moisture and/or humidity. See wood rot   Routes of Exposure Education Note%u003A In buildings%u002C an evaluation of where the contaminates came from and finally settled too. Health Note%u003A In humans%u002C the ability of a microorganism to enter into persons. Inhalation%u002C ingestion%u002C adsorption and skin puncturing are the main routes of exposure from microorganisms.   Rust Bleed In painting%u002C rust bleed is a result of corrosion. The rust bleed reddish appearance on paint that is applied over ferrous metal%u002C usually is a result from exposure to humid atmospheres or chemical attack.   Rusting %u0028Rusted%u0029 A condition brought about due to the presence of both oxygen and water %u0028moisture and moisture vapor%u0029. Rusting is an electro-mechanical process in which different parts of iron act as electrodes in a cell reaction. Rusting is accelerated by impurities in iron and by the presence of acids and other electrolytes in water.   Rusts A group of parasitic fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota. Many rust species are associated with plant pathogens%u002C which attack the leaves and stems of certain crops and vegetative plants. The name given to fungi rusts%u002C are primarily due to the rust-like color which is characteristic and found on effected plants. The life cycle of some rusts may be complex%u003B many rusts form a number of different types of spores and some are found and identified in indoor environments which have been flooded.   R-Value Values given to resistance. R-Value is a value given to insulation having different qualities and matrix%u002C which allow resistance to the heat flow and reduces heat-exchange. Education Note%u003A R-values of residential building insulation range from R-11 to R-30. R-Value equals the thickness of the structure wall divided by its K-Value. Mitigation Note%u003A Once building insulation becomes wet%u002C the insulating properties of fiberglass%u002C Rockwool%u002C blown cellulose%u002C and many other types of insulation%u002C loose a portion of their R-Value%u002C which does not appear to be recoverable after drying.